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Q: Systematic errors in surveying is an error:
  • A. which is beyond the control of the surveyor
  • B. which occurs from unknown causes
  • C. whose magnitude and sign changes frequently
  • D. which occurs from well-understood causes and can be reduced by adopting suitable methods
Correct Answer: Option D - Systematic errors (cumulative errors) - A systematic error or cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will always be of the same size and sign. A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law and a correction can be determined and applied. Such errors are of constant character and are regarded as positive or negative according as they make the result too great or too small. Their effect is therefore, cumulative.
D. Systematic errors (cumulative errors) - A systematic error or cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will always be of the same size and sign. A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law and a correction can be determined and applied. Such errors are of constant character and are regarded as positive or negative according as they make the result too great or too small. Their effect is therefore, cumulative.

Explanations:

Systematic errors (cumulative errors) - A systematic error or cumulative error is an error that, under the same conditions, will always be of the same size and sign. A systematic error always follows some definite mathematical or physical law and a correction can be determined and applied. Such errors are of constant character and are regarded as positive or negative according as they make the result too great or too small. Their effect is therefore, cumulative.