If his appointment is confirmed by UNESCO's General Assembly in Uzbekistan next month, he will become the first Director-General from the Arab world.
Al-Anani won the vote, defeating economist Firmin Edouard Matoko of the Republic of the Congo.
This nomination follows Audrey Azoulay's two consecutive four-year terms as UNESCO chief.
Al-Anani, 54, is a renowned Egyptologist and currently serves as a professor at a public university in Cairo.
As Egypt's Minister of Antiquities and later Minister of Tourism and Antiquities, he oversaw projects such as the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization and major archaeological discoveries.
Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi described his nomination as a historic achievement for Egypt.